HISTORY

Pre-Roman Albion


Britain has been inhabited for millennia, with a remarkable genetic and cultural continuity. Cheddar Man, who died 10,000 years ago was found to have a direct descendent living in a village local to where his body was found. Changes in material culture are increasingly thought not to represent waves of new people, but waves of new culture and people, who interact with the existing culture of The Isles. However it is a mistake to suggest that the pre-historic inhabitants of Britain were in any modern sense British any more than we are Prehistoric.

Before the Roman era the Britain and Island were made up of a variety of peoples. The Celts are thought to have had a significant cultural influence on all of Northern Europe and around 600 BC, the Celts came to The Isles both Britain and Eire through a mixture of physical and cultural migration. It is thought that the two islands were populated / encultured by two different groups with different forms of Celtic language. These differences are still seen today with Goidelic languages represented by Erse, Gaidhlig and Gailck, and the Brythonic represented by Cumbrian, Cymraeg, Kernak and Brezoneg.

Britain was by the time of Caesar made up a range of different Celtic groups and tribes with slightly different cultures and variations of language. Such Celts were like all ancient peoples (including the 'civilized' Romans) quite violent and brutal people, but they were also great tellers of stories and great crafts people. Historians are now begriming to see the stories, the great Celtic myths as containing history rather than writing them off as fancy. We have little record of if Celtic Albion had a tradition of High Kings as in Eire, but it is possible that it did.

Albion was Celtic for 600 years, yet many English history books start with the Romans first forays onto these shores. Thus our fundamental Celtic heritage has been taken from us.

Roman Britannia

The Romans did not greatly colonize Britain, rather sought to create Romano-Celts. However the ethnicity and underlying culture of the Albion's remained fairly constant in much of the island. The Roman administration lasted 400 years. As the Roman Empire faltered the Celtic way of life slowly reasserted itself, with some people remaining Christian, but others reverting to older forms of religion.

Pre-Norman Britain


In the period between the Romans leaving and the Normans arriving Britain was subject to a number of forces. The Anglo-Saxons were one such force. It is probable that the first Anglo-Saxons came as mercenaries, but soon more were arriving. It is now generally thought that whilst the Anglo-Saxons did push eastwards they did not drive the indigenous Celtic peoples before them, but neither were they absorbed by the indigenous language and culture.

The period following the demise of Roman rule was a time of battling warlords, both Celtic and Anglo-Saxon and shifting allegiances, between Celts and Anglo-Saxons as well as between Celt and Celt. Arthur was probably one such warlord. It was not until the mid 7th Century that the Anglo-Saxons had overall dominance of Albion. Anglo-Saxon became the common language, spreading from areas where Latin had been stronger than the indigenous language. It is suggested that much of the land would have been bilingual for some time. The Anglo-Saxons ruled but seemingly did not mix - apartheid may well have been in operation. They suppressed the British culture in Albion but did not destroy it.

This period also saw the re-spread of Christianity firstly in Celtic but then in Roman forms throughout Britain, Albion included. In England Lindisfarne demonstrated a Celtic-Norse culture, and although the British Celtic Church eventually came into line with Rome after the Synod of Whitby it is probably that many people continued to follow a more Celtic expression of the Christian faith.

Despite the huge effect the ruling Anglo-Saxons had on the Britons language their genetic inheritance is slight compared to the next wave of arrivals. In the 9th Century the Scandinavian peoples who came to The Isles next had a significant influence on the culture and language too. Dublin had a Norse king, the North of Scotland and the North East of England came under their influence. King Alfred became a great Anglo-Saxon hero to the people of England through his exploits against the Norse.

Norman England

By the time the Normans came to Britain in the 11th Century the whole of the island had been touched in some way by the Anglo-Saxon or Norse peoples. Even in Cymru many of so called 'English' alternatives names are Norse rather than Saxon. The majority of the populous although perhaps increasingly not seeing themselves as such where cultural and genetic descendents of the Celtic Britons. The Normans did not so much settle England, but rule it as part of a wider portfolio of lands. Until the 14th Century the Norman Kings paid homage to the King of France. The Norman advances beyond the territory ruled by the Saxon and Norse invaders of the past into Cymru and Eire were an extension of their invasion of Britain

It was at this time, in reaction to the Norman Barons that English people seemed to identify most strongly with an Anglo-Saxon identity, even though the majority of them were not in any real sense Anglo-Saxons. The early Norman Kings spoke French, and lived mainly in what we now call France, however unlike the Anglo-Saxons they never enforced their language on the people and eventually switched to English. It eventually became expedient for the Normans to no longer identify with the King of France, and it seems at this time that the English identity came to the fore to the detriment of the peoples Celtic roots.

For further reading we suggest: Davies, Norman. "The Isles: A History". Papermac

GENES

The UCL & Vikings

The UCL set out to find out if any traces of Viking DNA remained in Britain and Eire. Tests were taken amongst men who could trace their lineage locally for at least two generations. They found that it was hard to distinguish between the DNA of Anglo-Saxons and Dane-Vikings, so instead they principally discovered how much DNA was 'Invaders' and how much was 'Celtic'.

Cymru was found to be the most Celtic part of Britain, in Eire the results were also unsurprising, an almost completely Celtic population - even in those areas ruled by the Danes at points.

The North East of England, home of the Danelaw was shown to have the most genetic input of the invaders.

As we move south the bias was greater and greater towards Celtic DNA. The South West, especially Kernow was the most Celtic area in England. Surprisingly the South of England is as genetically Celtic as mainland Scotland. The North of Scotland and islands show a stronger tendency towards Viking DNA.

A Myth Exploded?

At school many English people are taught that they are Anglo-Saxon. That their ancestors swept across England driving the 'primitive' Celts before them to the less desirable parts of Britain. On the flip side the invasion of the Anglo-Saxons has been depicted as an ethnic cleansing of an ancient and noble people.

If this was the case the majority of the South of England should have exhibited very little Celtic DNA. Instead it is the North of both England and Scotland, subject to later Scandinavian immigration that exhibit the least Celtic roots. An average English person, like and average Scot, is more likely to be Celtic or Scandinavian in ancestry than Anglo-Saxon. It seems the Anglo-Saxons greatest legacy is not genetic, perhaps not even cultural but linguistic.

In a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic society does it matter what our DNA says about us? No, but studies such as the UCL's do suggest that the English Anglo-Saxon ethic identity is quite simply a lie.

LANGUAGE

"Yan, Tan, Tethera, Methera, Pim."
A Cumbrian Shepherd counts his sheep.

Why do people speak English in England?

The success of English over Celtic languages in England is by no means total. One of the indicators of a Celtic nation in some peoples perception is a surviving Celtic tongue.

England has a growing revival in Kernewe which is easy to learn on the internet. Hopefully this can bring Celtic reinvigoration to the English, rather than cause Kernow to seek a more separate identity. Some work is being done into Deunansek too.

Cymraeg can also be learnt easily, and is a language that is close to the tongue of the inhabitants of Albion when the Anglo-Saxons arrived. A further Brythonic language, Cumbrian is thought to have been spoken in parts of North England until the 10th Century, and elements (such as the counting scheme quoted above still exist in modern England).

Despite these opportunities English has become the dominant language.
Bilingual Society?


Some historians suggest that Anglo-Saxons practiced a form of apartheid, keeping themselves separate from the Celtic Britons they had conquered. However linguists are now beginning to consider The Celtic Roots of English. When two languages interact Pidgins and Creoles form, which feed back into the languages in general, or form a new common language. in the case of English and Celtic the effect of these does seem to be minimal, but linguists are now suggesting they are there. In a sense it is possible that because the accepted view was that the English population were Anglo-Saxon and the Celtic Britons were driven out nobody looked for Celtic influences on the English language. One theory is that the Anglo-Saxons strong holds were where the Celtic language was most weakened by common Latin.

A Broader English?

English however is by no means a Celtic language, and it is still something of a mystery how it became so much more prevalent than the Anglo-Saxons genes. It is a language that received significant input from the later Scandinavian invaders and immigrants and long after the Norman conquest from French. Perhaps we are now beginning to see how it has also been molded by the Celtic languages of Britain and Eire. Hopefully in all its variations it can become something that all its speakers can be proud of.

However it would seem that for the English it is beneficial to have at least some understanding of a Brythonic Celtic language, either Kernewe or Cymraeg, or possibly even a Goidelic language. With English being so widely spoken perhaps it is time that the English put something back by trying to preserve the other languages of The Isles spoken by their ancestors.

CULTURE


Morris Woodcut

"I remember once sitting in a pub, playing in the background was a traditional English Folk tune. A transatlantic voice was heard from across the bar describing how nice it was to hear Irish music ..."

Folk Culture


There are of course clear differences between the various traditional music forms found in Britain and Eire. Different instruments are used, different languages and different dances. The same can be said for other aspects of Folk culture and Folk Traditions. However we have to ask are the Folk Traditions of England significantly different from those of its neighbors, more than they are from each other?

With instruments we find the pipes in Ireland, Scotland and in English Northumbria. In religion the Celtic God Cernunnos becomes Herne the Hunter in English Folk Lore. Morris Dancing possibly has links with pre-Christian Celtic fertility rites, and Maypole dancing certainly seems to date back before the Roman occupation of Britain. Many 'English' Folk tales are Celtic in root, even if the names have been changed, as Jack Merry says:

"there's far too much cross-fertilization between the traditions to make a clean break between them" Greenmanreview.com

Herne the HunterWhat can perhaps be said is that on a small collection of islands, Folk stories and culture will move and interact. Indeed even across Europe this is the case. However if the Folk Traditions of England were to be put in a family tree it seems natural to put them closer to the Celtic Traditions than even those of Scandinavia. It is not surprising that in the world of Traditional Music the term Anglo-Celtic is increasingly prevalent.

Some regions of England have clear Celtic place names, myths and culture, such as Kernow and Dewnans.


Cultural Genocide?


The Anglo-Saxons certainly seem to have made a strong effort to displace celtic culture in what was to become England, this certainly seems to have succeeded with the elite. However strong elements of Celtic culture survived in England amongst the common people, even though the language was gradually changed, and the ruling classes were eventually not Celtic. One suggestion is that the Britons simply re-identified themselves with their new leaders, and endeavored to imitate them. The real change has perhaps been more recent, the English sense of Anglo-Saxon identity seems to have been born in the heat of the Norman occupation after 1066. In a few hundred years Anglo-Saxon rulers had become heroes compared to the latest round of invaders. As the invaders lost influence in France they needed to identify more with an 'English Culture'.

There has been a shift in material, linguistic culture and self identity in England, but the resulting culture is Anglo-Celtic. More recently still however the Victorians emphasized the Teutonic as superior to other cultures.

Cultural Imperialism?


Northumbrian Pipes There is a far darker side to Anglo-Saxon identity. In the last few hundred years Anglo-Saxon identity has been something that has been held up against Celtic identity, and Celtic identity has been held up in resistance to Anglo-Saxon identity. The Regions of England have also had their unique folk cultures and their regional dialects suppressed in much the same way as their neighboring countries in The Isles. However similar resistance has been felt in the Regions of England as in the Celtic nations.

A very particular type of cultural imperialism, now thankfully almost dead in Europe (although perhaps alive and well in other parts of the world) became associated with England. It is a form that the other nations of The Isles have had to have been strong to resist. It seems ironic that such an expansion centered on London, a place name going back to the Celtic Britons.
Anglo-Celtic Culture

As England leaves behind its Anglo-Centric world view it is time for it to re-engage with its Folk Culture and see it in relation to the Celtic culture that birthed it. It is a Celtic culture touched by early invaders and immigrants, hence it is Anglo-Celtic, but it roots lay alongside those of the great neighboring Celtic cultures. It is also fair to say that it is a culture that has been re-enriched by other Celtic cultures, and that enrichment ought to be celebrated.

http://www.anglo-celtic.org.uk/Culture/index.htm

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Patchwork Merchant Mercenaries had its humble beginnings as an idea of a few artisans and craftsmen who enjoy performing with live steel fighting. As well as a patchwork quilt tent canvas. Most had prior military experience hence the name.

 

Patchwork Merchant Mercenaries.

 

Vendertainers that brought many things to a show and are know for helping out where ever they can.

As well as being a place where the older hand made items could be found made by them and enjoyed by all.

We expanded over the years to become well known at what we do. Now we represent over 100 artisans and craftsman that are well known in their venues and some just starting out. Some of their works have been premiered in TV, stage and movies on a regular basis.

Specializing in Medieval, Goth , Stage Film, BDFSM and Practitioner.

Patchwork Merchant Mercenaries a Dept of, Ask For IT was started by artists and former military veterans, and sword fighters, representing over 100 artisans, one who made his living traveling from fair to festival vending medieval wares. The majority of his customers are re-enactors, SCAdians and the like, looking to build their kit with period clothing, feast gear, adornments, etc.

Likewise, it is typical for these history-lovers to peruse the tent (aka mobile store front) and, upon finding something that pleases the eye, ask "Is this period?"

A deceitful query!! This is not a yes or no question. One must have a damn good understanding of European history (at least) from the fall of Rome to the mid-1600's to properly answer. Taking into account, also, the culture in which the querent is dressed is vitally important. You see, though it may be well within medieval period, it would be strange to see a Viking wearing a Caftan...or is it?

After a festival's time of answering weighty questions such as these, I'd sleep like a log! Only a mad man could possibly remember the place and time for each piece of kitchen ware, weaponry, cloth, and chain within a span of 1,000 years!! Surely there must be an easier way, a place where he could post all this knowledge...

Traveling Within The World is meant to be such a place. A place for all of these artists to keep in touch and directly interact with their fellow geeks and re-enactment hobbyists, their clientele.

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