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Candles
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Interests from making to lore to color meanings to how to use towards older ideas and ways.
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Today, most candles are made from paraffin. Candles can also be made from beeswax, soy and other plant waxes, and tallow (a by-product of beef-fat rendering). Gel candles are made from a mixture of paraffin and plastic.[citation needed]
A candle manufacturer is traditionally known as a chandler. Various devices have been invented to hold candles, from simple tabletop candle holders, to elaborate chandeliers.
The heat of the match used to light the candle melts and vaporizes a small amount of fuel. Once vaporized, the fuel combines with oxygen in the atmosphere to form a flame. This flame provides sufficient heat to keep the candle burning via a self-sustaining chain of events: the heat of the flame melts the top of the mass of solid fuel, the liquefied fuel then moves upward through the wick via capillary action, and the liquefied fuel is then vaporized to burn within the candle's flame.
The burning of the fuel takes place in several distinct regions (as evidenced by the various colors that can be seen within the candle's flame). Within the bluer regions, hydrogen is being separated from the fuel and burned to form water vapor. The brighter, yellower part of the flame is the remaining carbon being oxidized to form carbon dioxide.
As the mass of solid fuel is melted and consumed, the candle grows shorter. Portions of the wick that are not emitting vaporized fuel are consumed in the flame. The incineration of the wick limits the exposed length of the wick, thus maintaining a constant burning temperature and rate of fuel consumption. Some wicks require regular trimming with scissors (or a specialized wick trimmer), usually to about one-quarter inch (~0.7 cm), to promote slower, steady burning, and also to prevent smoking. In early times, the wick needed to be trimmed quite frequently, and special candle-scissors, referred to as "snuffers" until the 20th century, were produced for this purpose, often combined with an extinguisher. Nowadays, however, the wick is constructed so that it curves over as it burns (see picture on the right), so that the end of the wick protrudes into the hot zone of the flame and is then consumed by fire—a self-trimming wick.
Candle making was developed independently in many countries throughout history. The earliest known candles were made from whale fat by the Chinese, during the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC). In early China and Japan, tapers were made with wax from insects and seeds, wrapped in paper. In India, wax from boiling cinnamon was used for temple candles. During the first century AD, indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest fused oil from the eulachon, or "candlefish", for illumination.
A close-up image of a candle showing the wick and the various parts of the flame
In Europe, the Middle-East and Africa, where lamp oil made from olives was readily available, candle making remained unkown until the early middle-ages
300 - 1 BC
Qin Shi Huang (259–210 BC) was the first emperor of the Chinese Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC). His mausoleum, which was rediscovered in the 1990s, twenty-two miles east of Xi'an, contained candles made from whale fat. The word zhú 燭 in Chinese originally meant torch and could have the Warring States Period (403–221 BC); some excavated bronzewares from that era feature a pricket thought to hold a candle. The Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) Jizhupian dictionary of about 40 BC hints at candles being made of beeswax, while the Book of Jin (compiled in 648) covering the Jin Dynasty (265–420) makes a solid reference to the beeswax candle in regards to its use by the statesman Zhou Yi (d. 322). An excavated earthenware bowl from the 4th century AD, located at the Luoyang Museum, has a hollowed socket where traces of wax were found.
Wax from boiling cinnamon was used for temple candles in India.
Generally these Chinese candles were molded in paper tubes, using rolled rice paper for the wick, and wax from an indigenous insect that was combined with seeds.
Japanese candles were made from wax extracted from tree nuts.
1 AD - 1500 AD
There is a fish called the eulachon or "candlefish", a type of smelt which is found from Oregon to Alaska. During the first century AD, indigenous people from this region used oil from this fish for illumination. A simple candle could be made by putting the dried fish on a forked stick and then lighting it. The first candles to appear in Europe were made by nomadic tribes in the late Roman era, but are thought to have been in use much earlier in the colder climates of Northern Europe, where olive oil was scarce. These early candles were made from tallow, or animal fat. The tallow was put into the melting pot, then poured into molds made of bronze. A trough underneath would catch the excess wax and return it to the melting pot. For the wick, a cord, usually made from the pith of rushes, was suspended from a horizontal rod over the mold when the tallow was poured in. After the fall of the Roman Empire, when the availability of olive oil became increasingly scarce, and therefore expensive, the use of tallow candles spread across Western Europe. Later wax candles made from various plant extracts replaced tallow as the preferred source of illumination.
In Africa and the Middle East, candle-making remained relatively unknown due to the availability of olive oil for burning in lamps.
Yak butter was used for candles in Tibet
Manufacturing of candles
The oldest candle manufacturers still in existence are Rathbornes Candles, founded in Dublin in 1488.
Making candles for timekeeping
Although candles could not be used to find a specific time they were instrumental in able to indicate passage of predetermined periods of time. For example the Anglo-Saxon king Alfred the Great (c. 849 - 899) used graduated candles also known as candle-clocks. He used this candle to divide up his day into equal periods of study and prayer, royal duties, and rest. There were lines around the side to show the passing of each hour. Later, 24-hour candles were invented based on the same concept. During the Sung dynasty in China (960–1279) calibrated candles and sticks of incense measured time. The concept of this clock utilized six different threads with weights on the end. These were draped over an incense stick at regular intervals and as the incense burned, the threads simultaneously burned one by one and the weights dropped onto a sounding plate below. Sometimes the sticks of incense had varying so that hours were marked by a change in fragrance.
The candle clock was also used as a timer. A heavy nail inserted onto the candle at the indicted mark would fall down onto a hard surface after the wax surrounding the nail melted.
Profession of Candle Making
Candles were also commonplace in many households scattered throughout Europe. In England and France candle making had become a guild graft by the 13 century. These candle makers (chandlers) went from house to house making candles from fats saved from the kitchen or sold their own candles from within their shops.
During the Middle Ages in Europe, the popularity of candles is shown by their use in Candlemas and on Saint Lucy festivities. Tallow, fat from cows or sheep, became the standard material used in candles in Europe. The Tallow Chandlers Company of London was formed in about 1300 in London, and in 1456 was granted a coat of arms. Dating from about 1330, the Wax Chandlers Company acquired its charter in 1484. By 1415, tallow candles were used in street lighting. The trade of the chandler is also recorded by the more picturesque name of "smeremongere", since they oversaw the manufacture of sauces, vinegar, soap and cheese. The unpleasant smell of tallow candles is due to the glycerine they contain. For churches and royal events, candles from beeswax were used, as the smell was usually less unpleasant. The smell of the manufacturing process was so unpleasant that it was banned by ordinance in several cities. The first candle mould comes from 15th century Paris
Discussion Forum
~THE ART OF CANDLE MAGIC~
Started by Dept of PMM Artists & things Jan 24, 2014.
Reflection Deflection Spell by The Craft of the Wise 1 Reply
Started by Dept of PMM Artists & things. Last reply by Dept of PMM Artists & things Jan 14, 2014.
Ice Candles )0( Aiclynn
Started by Dept of PMM Artists & things Jan 11, 2014.
Candle Smoke Meanings;
Started by Dept of PMM Artists & things Jan 10, 2014.
White Candle Spell Blessing by Marti Finizio
Started by Dept of PMM Artists & things Jan 10, 2014.
Spell/Chant to Improve Self Confidence/Improve Self-Esteem by Marti Finizio
Started by Dept of PMM Artists & things Jan 9, 2014.
Wash Away a Curse by Marti Finizio
Started by Dept of PMM Artists & things Jan 7, 2014.
Banish a Habit by Marti Finizio
Started by Dept of PMM Artists & things Jan 7, 2014.
Home Blessing Candle Spell by Marti Finizio
Started by Dept of PMM Artists & things Jan 6, 2014.
Candle Love Spells by Marti Finizio
Started by Dept of PMM Artists & things Jan 6, 2014.
Space Cleansing Ritual by
Started by Dept of PMM Artists & things Jan 5, 2014.
Candle Money Spell 2 Replies
Started by Dept of PMM Artists & things. Last reply by Dept of PMM Artists & things Jan 5, 2014.
Planetary Dedication Spell by Marti Finizio
Started by Dept of PMM Artists & things Jan 4, 2014.
Rainbow Candle Spell by Marti Finizio
Started by Dept of PMM Artists & things Jan 4, 2014.
Candle spells 3 Replies
Started by Dept of PMM Artists & things. Last reply by Dept of PMM Artists & things Jan 3, 2014.
Comment Wall
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Comment by Dept of PMM Artists & things on January 7, 2014 at 12:35pm
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Marti Finizio 11:35in the mornin' Jan 7
Candle PentagramYou'll need to set this breaking spell out on a table or altar space that won't be disturbed for the duration of the spell. Your supplies are:
• Salt (fine, not coarse)
• 5 white candles
• Rosemary (oil or herbs)On your table, sprinkle a fine line of salt to draw a pentacle. It doesn't have to be perfect but try to get it somewhat symmetrical. At each point of the star, add a few drops of rosemary oil or a sprinkle of dry rosemary (yes, right on the table top). Then set 1 white candle at each point.
Light each candle, starting with the one at the top. After each one, say the words:
By the dark and the light
Your spell ends tonight
Let the candles burn for one hour, then snuff them out. Do the same thing the next time, except let them burn all the way out.
Leave the candle stubs in place for another 5 days, so the entire spell is in place for a week. After that, any negative magick against you will be gone.
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Marti Finizio 11:22in the mornin' Jan 7
Black Candle BoundAnother traditional binding spell that involves knots and wrapping with string. Black candles can be hard to find, so you can use a dark purple, blue or brown one instead. You need:
• A black candle
• A length of rough twine
• A length of black yarn
• A length of black thread
• Sandalwood oilThe exact lengths of the cords doesn't matter, just use the same for all three. About 18 inches works well. Anoint the candle with sandalwood oil while you concentrate on the person you want to get out of your life. Wrap the black thread around the candle until you use the whole length, then tie it tightly. Then the yarn, and then the twine on top of that.
Light the candle, and let it burn out completely. Try to do this spell in the evening, letting the candle burn down overnight. Keep it somewhere safe and flameproof because the strings might catch fire as the candle burns down.
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Marti Finizio 11:28in the mornin' Jan 6
The Light of JoyThis is a household-type of spell that you use to reduce any tension that is becoming a problem and bringing in some happiness for the whole family (it works with roommates too).
•4 candles, in all different colors
•1 pink candle
•A handful of fresh basil
•Large piece of clear quartz
•Sandalwood incenseYou can do this spell on your altar but setting it up in a central place of the house is a better idea. Arrange the 5 candles in a circle. Set the crystal in the center, and then pile the basil leaves on top of it. Then light the candles.
Light the incense, and carry it through all the main rooms of the house. Take your time and let the smoke spread out. Once you've done that, return the incense to the place with the candles, and let everything continue to burn until out on their own. You should find that the tension and conflict should lift very soon.
Of course, if there are specific active problems going on in your home, you'll have to work them out before you can expect magick to fix everything.
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Marti Finizio 11:30in the mornin' Jan 6
A New Start Candle SpellThis is a good multi-purpose spell that can be used to give a bit of "oomph" to any new enterprise, whether it's a new job, relationship or just a new chapter in your life. It's an easy spell too.
•2 white taper candles
•Rosemary oilAnoint both candles with some oil, and set them in candle holders next to each other. Light one of them, and describe some of the "old" things you are hoping to get rid of. Focus on that for a few minutes, and then use the candle flame to light the second candle. Snuff out the first one.
Now list some of the new things that you are hoping to draw into your life at this new start. Be optimistic but realistic too. Leave the second candle burning until it is finished. You can reuse the first candle in another spell if you want.
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Marti Finizio 11:32in the mornin' Jan 6
Dream Seeing SpellUse a candle to help awaken your inner psychic to bring intuitive dreams when you are sleeping.
•1 white candle
•Small square of purple and/or silver fabric
•Black marker
•Large piece of amethystUse the marker to draw an eye on the candle, the fabric and also on the stone. Set everything on your altar and light the candle.
Set the stone on the fabric so the eye's are touching. Visualize an eye in your own forehead that can open to see into your dreams. Hold the material to your forehead, with the eye drawing against your skin.
Watch the candle, and say "open sight" repeatedly while you watch the candle flame. Put the fabric back on the table, and then let the candle burn out on its own. Once finished, you can take the piece of fabric and sleep with it under your pillow for psychic dreams.
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Marti Finizio 11:38in the mornin' Jan 6
Mend the RiftI thought I would add a different twist this time, with a candle love spell to repair a problem relationship. When you have a big fight or other type of split, try this spell to help mend things. It can't fix real fundamental differences between two people but it can help you both get over something that's happened.
•1 thin lavender candle
•1 white candle
•Powdered dry basilThis can be a little tricky to put together so be patient. Crack the lavender in half but don't cut the wick. So the wax is broken but the wick still runs through both pieces intact. While you work on this spell, focus on the rift you're trying to overcome and how you can improve things if you had another chance.
Rub some basil on the rough broken ends of the candle pieces and them fit them back together as closely as you can. Light the white candle and drip wax over the broken spot until you mend the lavender candle back into one piece.
Set up the lavender one, and light it. Leave it be until the flame gets to the point where the break is. At this point sit with the candle and focus on the flame as the candle passes through the joined spot, thinking about how you can make your relationship better. After it's passed the split, just let the rest burn out normally.
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Marti Finizio 11:39in the mornin' Jan 6
Candle Melding Love SpellAs the wax in these candles slowly melds together, so will you and your loved one be slowly drawn back together. All you need to perform this spell is:
• 2 red human figure candles
• Ginger oilYou can use regular red candles if you can't find any figure ones. Anoint both candles with oil and place them side-by-side in a candle holder or dish. Separate candle holders might not work because the candles must be touching.
Light both candles, and think about your loved one as the wax begins to run together between the candles. You have to concentrate on your spell until the candles are joined by melted wax. Then repeat the chant:
Candles burn and wax will run
You and I again are oneRepeat it several times until you feel you've made your point. You have to then let the candles continue to burn until they go out on their own.
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Marti Finizio 11:42in the mornin' Jan 6
Return to Me Candle SpellOk, another candle spell. What can I say? Candles spells have some pretty powerful magick to them. Especially when you are looking for "reunite lovers spells". Your supplies are:
• 1 pink, red or white candle
• Vanilla oil
• Red yarn or stringUse something sharp to inscribe your initials on the candle (approximately half way down), and then your loved one's initials over top yours. Not above, but actually write over the first letters. Then anoint the candle with vanilla oil.
Tie the string around the candle with a bow so that the know lies over where the initials are carved. Light the candle and let it burn until it reaches where the carving is. Blow it out gently, and set it on your altar with the intention of finishing it when your loved one returns. Add a little oil to the initials each day until then.
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Marti Finizio
Marti Finizio 11:46in the mornin' Jan 6
A Confidence CandleImproving your own opinion of yourself can go a long way in giving you confidence in any part of your life. This candle spell helps you learn to love yourself. All you need is:
• Pink candle
• Pink and white rose petals
• Pure waterFor the water, natural is best but if you're not comfortable drinking your local rain water, buy a bottle of spring water. Tap water will do in a pinch though it's not ideal.
On an altar or table, make a ring of flower petals and set up the candle in the center. Before you light it, think of your best traits and concentrate on those for a few minutes. Light the candle. Repeat the following:
May my own light shine
With love Divine
Take a long drink of water, to cleanse out your negative thoughts of yourself. Leave the candle to burn out on its own.
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Marti Finizio 11:48in the mornin' Jan 6
Simple Space CleansingKeep negative energy out of your space with a little candle spell. It is a suitable spell for one room, rather than your whole house. You'll need:
• Blue taper candle
• Square of white paper
• SaltLay the paper out on your altar or table, and set up the candle in the center of it. Use a clear glass candle-holder if you have one, though any type will do. Sprinkle a circle of salt around the paper, so that all 4 corners of the paper are just touching the salt.
Light the candle right at the top of the hour (exactly 1 o'clock, or 2 o'clock etc.), and let it burn right down. When it's done, carefully brush the salt onto the paper, and pour it down the drain. Bury the paper outside. All the bad energy in the room is now gone.
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Patchwork Merchant Mercenaries had its humble beginnings as an idea of a few artisans and craftsmen who enjoy performing with live steel fighting. As well as a patchwork quilt tent canvas. Most had prior military experience hence the name.
Patchwork Merchant Mercenaries.
Vendertainers that brought many things to a show and are know for helping out where ever they can.
As well as being a place where the older hand made items could be found made by them and enjoyed by all.
We expanded over the years to become well known at what we do. Now we represent over 100 artisans and craftsman that are well known in their venues and some just starting out. Some of their works have been premiered in TV, stage and movies on a regular basis.
Specializing in Medieval, Goth , Stage Film, BDFSM and Practitioner.
Patchwork Merchant Mercenaries a Dept of, Ask For IT was started by artists and former military veterans, and sword fighters, representing over 100 artisans, one who made his living traveling from fair to festival vending medieval wares. The majority of his customers are re-enactors, SCAdians and the like, looking to build their kit with period clothing, feast gear, adornments, etc.
Likewise, it is typical for these history-lovers to peruse the tent (aka mobile store front) and, upon finding something that pleases the eye, ask "Is this period?"
A deceitful query!! This is not a yes or no question. One must have a damn good understanding of European history (at least) from the fall of Rome to the mid-1600's to properly answer. Taking into account, also, the culture in which the querent is dressed is vitally important. You see, though it may be well within medieval period, it would be strange to see a Viking wearing a Caftan...or is it?
After a festival's time of answering weighty questions such as these, I'd sleep like a log! Only a mad man could possibly remember the place and time for each piece of kitchen ware, weaponry, cloth, and chain within a span of 1,000 years!! Surely there must be an easier way, a place where he could post all this knowledge...
Traveling Within The World is meant to be such a place. A place for all of these artists to keep in touch and directly interact with their fellow geeks and re-enactment hobbyists, their clientele.
© 2024 Created by Rev. Allen M. Drago ~ Traveler.
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